Human development

This is a summary of Human development chapter of economic survey [ http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2012-13/echap-13.pdf]

• to reap demographic dividend population needs to be skilled, healthy and literate

• india ranks 134 on HDI
• due to low literacy and poor healthcare

• ranks 129 on gender inequality'
• worse than pakistan, bangladesh and srilanka

• dimensions of inclusive development
• poverty alleivation
• employment generation
• health
• education
• women empowerment
• social welfare
• financial inclusion
• social inclusion

• social sector spending
• mostly focussed on education[40% of social sector spending]
• 3.3% of GDP spent on education
• public health expenditure much lesser than private health expenditure
• 1.36% of GDP

• Poverty
• poverty line
• based on monthly per cap consumption expenditure
• MPCE arrived at through NSSO surveys every 5 years
• poverty declined from 37 to 30% between 2004-05 to 2009-10
• 1.5% decline per year
• improvements in IMR and income

• inequality
• gini coefficient
• measures deviation of distribution of income
• India-35.8  lower than SOuth africa, lanka etc
• rural consumption expenditure increased at faster rate than urban

• employment
• grew by 1.6% per annum in last decade
• slowed down in second half of decade
• lower labour force participation rate
• declined from 430 in 2004-05 to 400 per thousand
• greater number of people opting for education/skill development
• female employment
• fall in female employment in rural areas
• indicates  more rural women are continuing education
• unemployment
• declined in last 5 years
• unemployment rate decline greater than employment growth
• more people are opting for education

• poverty alleivation schemes
• MGNREGA
• 53% women participated against mandated 33%
• enhances bargaining power of agricultural labour
• reduced distress migration
• recent initiatives
• electronic fund management to reduce delays in wage disbursal
• additional employment beyond 100 days in drought affected areas
• integration with UID
• convergence with other schemes like total sanitation campaign
• NRLM
• also called ajeevika
• self employment program
• assist poor families through bank credit and subsidy for creating income generating assets
• features
• every woman member from poor household must be member of a SHG
• SHG members provided training
• provision of funds to SHG and also interest subsidy
• SJSRY
• For urban unemployed and Under employed
• encourage self employment

• social protection programmes
• AABY
• life and disability cover
• 18-59 years
• includes rural landless
• includes education scholarship for children
• RSBY
• 30000 per family per annum
• 75:25 share
• 90:10 special category states
• smart card based portability
• National social security fund
• support schemes for unorganised sector like beedi workers, weavers, toddy tappers etc

• Rural infrastructure development
• Bharat nirman
• water supply
• electrification
• irrigation
• roads
• housing
• telecommunication
• Indira awas yojana
• PM gram sadak yojana
• rural drinking water program
• aims to provide 40 ltr per cap per day  
• so far 84% rural houses covered
• sanitation
• only 32% household have toilets
• new strategy- community sanitation approach

• urban infrastructure program
• JNNURM
• includes provision of shelter and basic services to urban poor
• extended till 2014

• Skill development
• National skill development council approved 24 training projects
• Udaan- private sector led skills training program for JK youth

• Education
• 12th plan focus
• teacher training
• accountability enforcement
• capacity building in secondary schools
• Elementary and secondary education
• Right to education
• out of school population 134 lakh to 81 lakh between 2005-09
• inservice teacher traning
• imrpovement in school infrastructure
• Mid day meals
• covers 1-8 standard
• convergence with NRHM
• MIS used to monitor scheme
• RMSA
• aims at improving access and quality of secondary education
• includes infrastructure, teacher training
• Models schools scheme
• implemented in 6000 educationally backward blocks
• implemented by state government
• sakshar bharat
• adult education
• aimed at 80% literacy by end of 11th FYP
• higher education
• among largest in world with over 600 universities
• 11th plan initiatives
• improvement of access
• curriculum reforms
• use of IT for distance education

• Health
• NRHM
• launched in 2005
• increased community involvement
• decentralized public health system
• improved manpower, drugs, equipment
• JSY
• launched 2005 to reduce MMR
• promotes institutional deliveries
• Janani shishu suraksha yojana
• covers all pregnant women
• free delivery, drugs, diet, transport etc
• National vector borne disease contorl, programme
• to contorl malaria, dnegue, chikungunya, japanese encephalitis, Kala-azar, lymphatic filariasis
• kala-azar , filariasis to be eliminated by 2015
• PM swasthya suraksha yojana
• to correct regional imbalance in territary healthcare
• 6 AIIMS like institutes to come up in
• bhopal
• bhubaneswar
• jodhpur
• patna
• rishikesh
• AYUSH
• mainstream allopathic services

• women and child development
• ICDS
• IGMSY
• Rashtriya mahila kosh
• micro credit to poor women
• policies to address violence against women
• varma committee-examine punishments in cases of aggravted sexual assault
• usha mehra committee- identify lapses in policing in delhi
• crisis centres
• counselling centres
• financial assistance to victims

• challenges
• need to balance imperatives of growth and inclusion
• growth should lead to higher and better jobs
• need to move towards more production and growth oriented schemes
• convergence of schemes
• empower PRIs and promote decentralisation in plan programme implementation
• need to convert outlays into outcomes

Boxes

• Socio economic caste census
• puprose - to better identify BPL families
• based on NC saxena recommended criteria
• door to door enumeration
• conducted by states with support from union

• ASER education survey
• positive
• increased enrollment
• better pupil teacher ratio
• better provision of girl toilets
• more libraries
• negatives
• fall in basic reading and arithmetic levels
• children attendance  declined