Wednesday, March 6, 2013

Human development


This is a summary of Human development chapter of economic survey [ http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2012-13/echap-13.pdf]
  • to reap demographic dividend population needs to be skilled, healthy and literate
  • india ranks 134 on HDI
    • due to low literacy and poor healthcare
  • ranks 129 on gender inequality'
    • worse than pakistan, bangladesh and srilanka
  • dimensions of inclusive development
    • poverty alleivation
    • employment generation
    • health
    • education
    • women empowerment
    • social welfare
    • financial inclusion
    • social inclusion
  • social sector spending
    • mostly focussed on education[40% of social sector spending]
      • 3.3% of GDP spent on education
    • public health expenditure much lesser than private health expenditure
      • 1.36% of GDP
  • Poverty
    • poverty line
      • based on monthly per cap consumption expenditure
      • MPCE arrived at through NSSO surveys every 5 years
    • poverty declined from 37 to 30% between 2004-05 to 2009-10
      • 1.5% decline per year
    • improvements in IMR and income
  • inequality
    • gini coefficient
      • measures deviation of distribution of income
      • India-35.8  lower than SOuth africa, lanka etc
    • rural consumption expenditure increased at faster rate than urban
  • employment
    • grew by 1.6% per annum in last decade
    • slowed down in second half of decade
    • lower labour force participation rate
      • declined from 430 in 2004-05 to 400 per thousand
      • greater number of people opting for education/skill development
    • female employment
      • fall in female employment in rural areas
      • indicates  more rural women are continuing education
    • unemployment
      • declined in last 5 years
      • unemployment rate decline greater than employment growth
        • more people are opting for education
  • poverty alleivation schemes
    • MGNREGA
      • 53% women participated against mandated 33%
      • enhances bargaining power of agricultural labour
      • reduced distress migration
      • recent initiatives
        • electronic fund management to reduce delays in wage disbursal
        • additional employment beyond 100 days in drought affected areas
        • integration with UID
        • convergence with other schemes like total sanitation campaign
    • NRLM
      • also called ajeevika
      • self employment program
      • assist poor families through bank credit and subsidy for creating income generating assets
      • features
        • every woman member from poor household must be member of a SHG
        • SHG members provided training
        • provision of funds to SHG and also interest subsidy
    • SJSRY
      • For urban unemployed and Under employed
      • encourage self employment
  • social protection programmes
    • AABY
      • life and disability cover
      • 18-59 years
      • includes rural landless
      • includes education scholarship for children
    • RSBY
      • 30000 per family per annum
      • 75:25 share
        • 90:10 special category states
      • smart card based portability
    • National social security fund
      • support schemes for unorganised sector like beedi workers, weavers, toddy tappers etc
  • Rural infrastructure development
    • Bharat nirman
      • water supply
      • electrification
      • irrigation
      • roads
      • housing
      • telecommunication
    • Indira awas yojana
    • PM gram sadak yojana
    • rural drinking water program
      • aims to provide 40 ltr per cap per day  
      • so far 84% rural houses covered
    • sanitation
      • only 32% household have toilets
      • new strategy- community sanitation approach
  • urban infrastructure program
    • JNNURM
      • includes provision of shelter and basic services to urban poor
      • extended till 2014
  • Skill development
    • National skill development council approved 24 training projects
    • Udaan- private sector led skills training program for JK youth
  • Education
    • 12th plan focus
      • teacher training
      • accountability enforcement
      • capacity building in secondary schools
    • Elementary and secondary education
      • Right to education
        • out of school population 134 lakh to 81 lakh between 2005-09
        • inservice teacher traning
        • imrpovement in school infrastructure
      • Mid day meals
        • covers 1-8 standard
        • convergence with NRHM
        • MIS used to monitor scheme
      • RMSA
        • aims at improving access and quality of secondary education
        • includes infrastructure, teacher training
      • Models schools scheme
        • implemented in 6000 educationally backward blocks
        • implemented by state government
      • sakshar bharat
        • adult education
        • aimed at 80% literacy by end of 11th FYP
    • higher education
      • among largest in world with over 600 universities
      • 11th plan initiatives
        • improvement of access
        • curriculum reforms
        • use of IT for distance education
  • Health
    • NRHM
      • launched in 2005
      • increased community involvement
      • decentralized public health system
      • improved manpower, drugs, equipment
    • JSY
      • launched 2005 to reduce MMR
      • promotes institutional deliveries
    • Janani shishu suraksha yojana
      • covers all pregnant women
      • free delivery, drugs, diet, transport etc
    • National vector borne disease contorl, programme
      • to contorl malaria, dnegue, chikungunya, japanese encephalitis, Kala-azar, lymphatic filariasis
      • kala-azar , filariasis to be eliminated by 2015
    • PM swasthya suraksha yojana
      • to correct regional imbalance in territary healthcare
      • 6 AIIMS like institutes to come up in
        • bhopal
        • bhubaneswar
        • jodhpur
        • patna
        • rishikesh
    • AYUSH
      • mainstream allopathic services
  • women and child development
    • ICDS
    • IGMSY
    • Rashtriya mahila kosh
      • micro credit to poor women
    • policies to address violence against women
      • varma committee-examine punishments in cases of aggravted sexual assault
      • usha mehra committee- identify lapses in policing in delhi
      • crisis centres
      • counselling centres
      • financial assistance to victims
  • challenges
    • need to balance imperatives of growth and inclusion
    • growth should lead to higher and better jobs
    • need to move towards more production and growth oriented schemes
    • convergence of schemes
    • empower PRIs and promote decentralisation in plan programme implementation
    • need to convert outlays into outcomes

Boxes
  • Socio economic caste census
    • puprose - to better identify BPL families
    • based on NC saxena recommended criteria
    • door to door enumeration
    • conducted by states with support from union
  • ASER education survey
    • positive
      • increased enrollment
      • better pupil teacher ratio
      • better provision of girl toilets
      • more libraries
    • negatives
      • fall in basic reading and arithmetic levels
      • children attendance  declined 

No comments:

Post a Comment